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KJASEM The Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine

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Vol.33 No.3, September, 2023
KORENG
  • Editorial2023-09-30

    편집자 주: 33권 3호

    Juwon Lim , M.D., Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 63-64 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230020

    Abstract : This issue of Volume 33, Issue 3 contains 6 papers, 4 original and 2 review articles. The first paper analyzes communication errors between domestic air traffic controllers and pilots and highlights the importance of adhering to the International Civil Aviation Organization standard language. The second paper analyzes trends in bacterial dysentery outbreaks in South Korea and Japan from 2016 to 2020, highlighting the need for robust information systems. The third paper analyzes human papillomavirus vaccination trends and shows a gradual recovery in vaccination rates after the COVID-19 pandemic. The fourth paper analyzes 24 years of trends in aviation medical examinations, highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in the proportion of female pilots. The fifth paper explores the potential applications of blockchain technology in the aviation industry, presenting several use cases. The final paper analyzes medical error cases using the SHELL model and highlights the systemic problems of medical institutions in Korea. The journal covers a wide range of topics related to aerospace and human factors, and each paper presents important issues and suggestions for improvement in the field.

  • Original Article2023-09-30

    조종사-관제사 교신에서 표준어법 미준수와 의사소통 오류에 관한 고찰

    Ho-Jae Yun , M.A., Jin-Kook Choi , Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 65-70 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230011

    Abstract : Purpose: In this study, in order to examine the correlation between non-compliance with standard phraseology and communication errors in pilot-controller communications, investigated the perception of standard phraseology. Methods: First, the definition and regulations of the standard phraseology were confirmed through document review. The Korea’s standard phraseology for air traffic control is based on the Air Traffic Control Procedure and the Manual of Radiotelephony. The standards regulated in these documents is derived from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and/or the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Then, a questionnaire containing 8 test items suitable for checking compliance with the standard phraseology was prepared through expert advice. A total of 55 pilots and controllers including trainees were surveyed. Results: As a result of the survey, most of the respondents thought that the standard phraseology should be complied, but they showed poor results in the test questions about whether their phraseology were appropriate. Overall average score was 3.67 points out of perfect score of 8.00 points. Based on the respondents’ improper answers, the possibility of communication errors and linguistic background were examined through consultation with aviation experts and language experts. Conclusion: Even though they knew the need to comply with standard phraseology, they often used non-standard phraseology because they did not know the exact standard, and some communication errors were likely to occur. In order to supplement this, it is necessary to define accurate standard phraseology and make efforts at the government level as well as aviation workers and the aviation industry to train and learn properly.

  • Original Article2023-09-30

    Epidemic Trends of Imported Shigellosis Cases in Korea and Japan, 2016–2020

    Won-Chang Lee , DVM, Ph.D., Myeon-Jin Lee , Ph.D., Kyu Sung Kim , M.D., Ph.D., Young Hwan Kwon , M.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 71-75 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230010

    Abstract : Purpose: To observe and compare the trends in epidemic aspects of imported shigellosis (Sg) cases from overseas travelers (OTs) in Korea and Japan between 2016 and 2020. Methods: We analyzed the raw data of imported Sg cases from the Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan between 2016 and 2020. Results: In Korea, there were a total of 596 Sg infections, including 353 cases from overseas travel-associated imported cases, with a cumulative incidence rate (CIR) of 0.23 per 100,000 populations. The CIR of imported Sg cases was 0.32 per 100,000 OTs. In Japan, during the same period, there were a total of 757 Sg cases, including 388 imported cases, with a CIR of 0.12 per 100,000 populations. The CIR of imported Sg cases was 0.50 per 100,000 OTs. The CIR of total Sg cases in Korea was higher than in Japan, but the CIR of imported cases in Korea was lower than in Japan (P

  • Original Article2023-09-30

    Comparison and Prediction of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Trends among Koreans and Foreigners

    Juwon Lim , M.D., Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 76-79 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230014

    Abstract : Purpose: This study offers a comprehensive analysis comparing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status between Korean and foreign patients. Methods: The analysis used data from 30,216 patients treated at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to June 2023. It examines variations in the rate of vaccine administration by nationality, sex, age, and vaccination date. Results: Despite observing an overall increase in HPV vaccination rates in both Korean and foreigners, the study found the impact of COVID-19 was significantly more severe on foreign patients, particularly those over the age of 30. Additionally, a larger sex discrepancy in HPV vaccine uptake was noticed among foreign patients compared to Korean. A considerable number of foreign vaccine recipients were in their 20s, suggesting a predisposition to seek health care abroad. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of further research and policy adjustments to encourage HPV vaccination uptake across diverse demographics. The value of multi-institutional studies is also highlighted to improve the applicability of these findings.

  • Original Article2023-09-30

    The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Aviation Medical Examinations: A 24-Year Retrospective Analysis

    Juwon Lim , M.D., Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 80-85 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230017

    Abstract : Purpose: Aviation medical exams are pivotal for health management in aviation professionals, ensuring safety. Despite their importance, a gap exists in literature detailing the dynamics of these exams, especially during the COVID-19 era. Methods: Longitudinal data assessed distribution and trends based on sex, age, and qualification. A segment analyzed the pandemic’s influence, and a correlation between pilot age and disqualification rate was evaluated. Results: Males represented 95.5% (124,751) of total applicants; females 4.5% (5,861). Age distribution: under 40 (53.2%), 40s (26.4%), 50s (16.1%), and over 60 (4.2%). The majority (94.7%) had class 1 type. The fit rate was 87.4%, with conditional fit at 11.9%. Exams increased from 2,529 in 2000 to 15,149 in 2019, then decreased during COVID-19, with an expected recovery in 2023. Pilots’ trend mirrored this, with projections to exceed 12,000 exams in 2023. Of the pilots, 0.15% were deemed unfit, with age correlating with disqualification. Conclusion: This study illuminates the evolution and impact of aviation medical examinations over 24 years, accentuating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

  • Review Article2023-09-30

    항공분야에서의 블록체인 기술 현황

    WooSeok Hyun , Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 86-93 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230016

    Abstract : Blockchain is a type of distributed database managed through multiple network transaction details (P2P, Peer to Peer), and transaction information is stored on multiple computers (nodes) connected to the blockchain network instead of storing it in one server. It is an algorithm that binds transaction details to form blocks, connects multiple blocks like a chain, and then copies and distributes them by a large number of people. In the case of the aviation industry, it is worth making full use of blockchain technology to revolutionize existing systems and business processes in terms of cost and transaction transparency, so blockchain can become one of the innovative technologies that will change the paradigm of the aviation industry. As the blockchain market is still in an immature stage and the development of technology is expected in the future, it is necessary to prepare support measures to lead and preempt the global blockchain market in the future through development support and cooperation that can be actively used in the field.

  • Review Article2023-09-30

    SHELL 모델에 근거한 의료사고 인적요인 분석의 탐색적 연구

    Su-Jeong Lee , Ph.D.
    Korean J Aerosp Environ Med 2023; 33(3): 94-99 https://doi.org/10.46246/KJAsEM.230019

    Abstract : The SHELL (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) model is one of the models for determining the cause of aviation accidents. The human factors of medical accidents are analyzed through the SHELL model. This study is a case study that analyzed a total of three cases, including two medical accident court precedents and one large fire at a medical institution. In the human factor analysis of cases 1 and 2, the main factors were that liveware (human) violated the duty of care and did not follow the guidelines of the institution. The large fire incident in the hospital in Case 3 was caused by a lack of awareness of the safety of managers, the installation of illegal facilities and environments, lack of medical staff’s response and training, and the condition of patients who were mostly elderly. The liveware at the center of the SHELL model is the most important human factor, and the environment, facilities, and equipment surrounding liveware must be supplemented to prevent future medical accidents.

Journal Info

The Korean Journal of Aerospace and Environmental Medicine
September 2023
Vol.33 No.3

pISSN 1738-2548
eISSN 2713-9972

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Editorial Office

Most Articles

KORENG
  • Original Article2022-04-30

    Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatitis E Virus Infections between South Korea and Japan

    Abstract : Purpose: Hepatitis E outbreaks are a serious public health concern in the world. The pilots or air traffic controllers can be incapacitated by severe hepatitis symptoms. If the symptoms of acute hepatitis do not improve, it is not suitable for aviation duties. In this study, we compare of incidence status of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, and epidemic aspects between South Korea (from here on, ‘Korea’) and Japan. Methods: The raw data on confirmed of HEV infection cases were obtained from the National Notified Disease Surveillance System of Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Korea, and the National Epidemiological surveillance of Infectious Diseases surveillance system, administered by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan. Statistically significant differences between the epidemiological aspects and risk factors were determined using the Pearson’s chi-squared test or paired t-test. All data analyses were performed in Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Results: There were 191 cases of HEV infected cases with a prevalence rate (PR) of 0.37 per 100,000 populations of Korea in 2020. During the same year in Japan, there were 454 cases with a PR of 0.36. When compared, there is statistically none significantly differences. Moreover, both PR per 100,000 populations of HEV infections in habitat of two countries were compared, in the provinces (0.39) of Korea were much higher than that in capital city of Seoul (0.27; P

  • Review Article2022-04-30

    항공 피로위험관리를 위한 생체수리적 모델 접근 방안

    Abstract : In the aviation sector, it is recommended to adopt an aviation safety management system (SMS) from international organizations (International Civil Aviation Organization, Federal Aviation Administration, etc.) and to apply a related system in each organization. Among them, fatigue management recommends fatigue risk management system (FRMS) operating as part of SMS proactive risk management. Advanced aviation organizations are developing and applying various related risk assessment techniques that consider characteristics in order to apply scientific and systematic FRMS. Among which the biomathematical fatigue model (BFM) are representative. The Bio-mathematical Model is designed to represent the level by converting it into a simple numerical score, taking into account various related factors for the measurement object. The BFM is tool to predict the level of fatigue of the crew based on scientific understanding of the factors that contribute to fatigue. The Biomathematical Model is used as a scientific approach that promotes the transition to a performance-based safety management. In this study, the recent trends and implications for the BFM developed and applied in the aviation field are to be reviewed. First, FRMS was considered within the SMS framework, then the characteristics and application methods of the BFM were examined, and finally, the direction of the development of the BFM was suggested.

  • Review Article2021-12-31

    기내 심폐소생술과 COVID-19

    Abstract : As the number of passengers using aircraft increases around the world, there may be more medical measures needed within the aircraft. These medical measures may also include measures against serious situations such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, since the environment is different from the hospital in the aircraft, it may be difficult to cope with such a situation. Moreover, such in-flight CPR may become more difficult at a time when the proportion of out-of-hospital CPR is decreasing due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, I would like to summarize how in-flight CPR is performed and review the main discussions on CPR in the COVID-19 pandemic, and finally suggest how to perform a safe CPR in the COVID-19 situation.

  • Review Article2021-12-31

    코로나19 팬데믹과 조종사 정신건강 관리

    Abstract : When the COVID-19 crisis hit air transport, the whole aviation industry was affected. The change in the behavior of passengers following the COVID-19 crisis, travel restrictions and the ensuing economic crisis have resulted in a dramatic drop in demand for airline services. The COVID-19 pandemic, with all its associated consequences, has had a significant impact on the mental health and well-being of pilots, which could impact operational safety. As the number of international flights has decreased, pilots are exposed to high levels of psychological stress such as job instability, reduced income and increased risk of infection during flight work. Psychological stress lowers work performance and threatens aviation safety. The pilot needs mental health management during the COVID-19 pandemic, but psychological support is weak. For pilot mental health management, it is important to raise awareness about mental health and to continuously respond. To this end, it is necessary to foster a safe and trustworthy culture in which mental health issues are discussed freely and solved together without hiding them. They should also support the establishment of a peer support program that is easily accessible and that allows pilots to discuss their issues with confidence.

  • Review Article2022-08-31

    The Enhancing Error Management of Pilot and Line Operation Safety Audit

    Abstract : The human factors become the most important factor in aviation safety. In order to prevent accident, pilots should manage errors in the cockpit. International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) recommends airlines to implement line operation safety audit (LOSA) to identify the management of errors by pilots and understand real errors and the competencies. The LOSA may provide metrics of the prevalence of errors by each types and rate of trapping errors to management enhancing errors. Airlines may understand how crew respond and manage errors. The operator may enhance safety once they identify errors and train crew how they manage to reduce the most mismanagement errors. This study is to provide operators eight recommendations on how to enhance errors and LOSA understanding human errors collected through LOSA and enhancing the implementation of LOSA with guidance according to ICAO and Federal Aviation Administration.

  • Original Article2022-04-30

    최근 6년간 일개 병원의 외국인 환자 현황과 코로나19의 영향

    Abstract : Purpose: As it becomes difficult to move between countries due to the spread of COVID-19, it can be expected that the number of foreign patients entering Korea for treatment will decrease significantly. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status of hospitalization of foreign patients over the past 6 years and the impact of COVID-19. Methods: The sex, age, nationality, and histories of foreign patients who visited the International Medical Center from 2016 to 2021 were collected. A total of 25,569 subjects were analyzed. Results: For six years from 2016 to 2021, the number of foreign patients increased steadily before COVID-19 but decreased significantly after COVID-19. Overall, it was analyzed that the average annual growth rate of foreign patients from 2016 to 2019 was about 6%. However, due to the impact of COVID-19, the number of patients in 2020 decreased by about 57% compared to the previous year and by about 1% in 2021 compared to the previous year. Conclusion: It is believed that the decrease in foreign patients in a situation such as Corona 19 is due not only to the risk of infection, but also to the difficulty of moving between countries. In other words, it can be said that the driving force for the movement due to the medical skill gap still exists. Therefore, if this situation improves, it is judged that the phenomenon of moving abroad in search of medical care is inevitable.

  • Editorial2022-04-30

    편집자 주: 32권 1호

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

Most Articles
KORENG
  • Review Article2020-04-30

    한국형 기내 의학적 상황 대처 방안 안내서

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Original Article2022-04-30

    Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatitis E Virus Infections between South Korea and Japan

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Review Article2021-04-30

    항공종사자와 코로나바이러스감염증-19 백신 예방 접종

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Original Article2020-04-30

    항공종사자 건강증진활동계획에 반영되어야 할 근거자료: 3년간의 항공신체검사 결과 분석

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Review Article2020-08-31

    피로위험관리를 위한 조종사 피로측정방법 고찰

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Original Article2020-08-31

    최근 5년간 국적항공사 조종사의 항공신체검사 부적합 판정결과

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

  • Review Article2021-04-30

    말초성 어지럼의 이해 및 항공업무 적합성 평가

    Abstract : In Vol. 32, No. 1, our journal prepared 1 review article, 4 original articles, and 2 case reports. First, the Biomathematical Models for Aviation Fatigue Risk Management were introduced. Among the four original articles, it is possible to get insights into the management of cancer diseases in aviation workers, and it is expected to solve various problems in aerospace medicine through a research case using machine learning techniques. A similar trend was observed in the medical tourism along with the decrease of the aviation industry due to COVID-19. Hepatitis E infection can be occurred in both the public and aviation workers, and the management system was established in 2020 as a second-grade legal infectious disease in Korea. In two case reports, we introduced a case of the Phakic intraocular lenses insertion and a case of the acute myocardial infarction and pericardial effusion.

Most Articles
KORENG
  • Original Article2021-12-31

    5년간의 미국 이민 비자 신체검사 결과 분석

    Abstract : Purpose: The United States of America have pre-migration screening program are mandated through legislation. The one of purpose of this program is to prevent the importation of certain communicable diseases. Examinations of migration applicants are performed by panel physicians who are licensed physicians in the countries of origin that have agreements with the government departments of the country of destination to undertake this activity. In recent decades, the number of US migrants has increased, however COVID-19 impacted this trend of international migrants. The Aim of this study is to examine trends of US applicants and outcomes of tuberculosis and sexual transmitted infections (STIs) screening in South Korean applicants for US visa. Methods: A total of 4,442 applicants participated in US visa health check-up in 2016 to 2020. Results: The numbers of applicant for US visa in males and females was 1,814 and 2,628. The positive results in tuberculosis and STIs screening was noted with 0.66% in nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), 0.03% in tuberculosis, 0.03% in gonorrhea, 0.08% in syphilis, and 0.74% in chlamydia. The age groups of 2 to 14 years showed higher positive rate (13.89%) in tuberculin skin test (TST) tests compared to the rate of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) tests (0.44%, P

  • Review Article2022-04-30

    항공 피로위험관리를 위한 생체수리적 모델 접근 방안

    Abstract : In the aviation sector, it is recommended to adopt an aviation safety management system (SMS) from international organizations (International Civil Aviation Organization, Federal Aviation Administration, etc.) and to apply a related system in each organization. Among them, fatigue management recommends fatigue risk management system (FRMS) operating as part of SMS proactive risk management. Advanced aviation organizations are developing and applying various related risk assessment techniques that consider characteristics in order to apply scientific and systematic FRMS. Among which the biomathematical fatigue model (BFM) are representative. The Bio-mathematical Model is designed to represent the level by converting it into a simple numerical score, taking into account various related factors for the measurement object. The BFM is tool to predict the level of fatigue of the crew based on scientific understanding of the factors that contribute to fatigue. The Biomathematical Model is used as a scientific approach that promotes the transition to a performance-based safety management. In this study, the recent trends and implications for the BFM developed and applied in the aviation field are to be reviewed. First, FRMS was considered within the SMS framework, then the characteristics and application methods of the BFM were examined, and finally, the direction of the development of the BFM was suggested.

  • Review Article2021-12-31

    기내 심폐소생술과 COVID-19

    Abstract : As the number of passengers using aircraft increases around the world, there may be more medical measures needed within the aircraft. These medical measures may also include measures against serious situations such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). However, since the environment is different from the hospital in the aircraft, it may be difficult to cope with such a situation. Moreover, such in-flight CPR may become more difficult at a time when the proportion of out-of-hospital CPR is decreasing due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, I would like to summarize how in-flight CPR is performed and review the main discussions on CPR in the COVID-19 pandemic, and finally suggest how to perform a safe CPR in the COVID-19 situation.

  • Review Article2021-12-31

    코로나19 팬데믹과 조종사 정신건강 관리

    Abstract : When the COVID-19 crisis hit air transport, the whole aviation industry was affected. The change in the behavior of passengers following the COVID-19 crisis, travel restrictions and the ensuing economic crisis have resulted in a dramatic drop in demand for airline services. The COVID-19 pandemic, with all its associated consequences, has had a significant impact on the mental health and well-being of pilots, which could impact operational safety. As the number of international flights has decreased, pilots are exposed to high levels of psychological stress such as job instability, reduced income and increased risk of infection during flight work. Psychological stress lowers work performance and threatens aviation safety. The pilot needs mental health management during the COVID-19 pandemic, but psychological support is weak. For pilot mental health management, it is important to raise awareness about mental health and to continuously respond. To this end, it is necessary to foster a safe and trustworthy culture in which mental health issues are discussed freely and solved together without hiding them. They should also support the establishment of a peer support program that is easily accessible and that allows pilots to discuss their issues with confidence.

  • Review Article2022-08-31

    우주에서의 외과수술

    Abstract : For Mars exploration, spaceflight is advancing with the goal of sending manned spacecraft to Mars. Mars is 54.6 million kilometers away when it is closest to Earth. If a surgical emergency occurs during Mars exploration, it could take months or years to transport patients. Research estimates that an average of one surgical emergency will occur every 2.4 years during the Mars expedition for a crew of seven. Considering the astronomical cost of space travel and astronaut training, surgical treatment needs to be considered. There are various problems in performing surgery in space, but typically, physiological changes in the body due to microgravity, difficulty in performing surgery due to an unfamiliar environment, and difficulty in maintaining sterility can be considered. Also, since an experienced surgeon cannot ride on all spaceships, tele-surgery is required. As an alternative to overcome these problems, robot assisted minimal invasive surgery has been proposed. However, it is necessary to solve the signal delay caused by the longer distance. Other alternatives, such as the development of Robot technology, rapid transport due to trauma pod, and performing surgery while notifying the crew medical officer, have been suggested.

  • Original Article2022-04-30

    머신러닝 알고리즘을 이용한 A형 간염 항체 여부 판별의 정확도

    Abstract : Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a model for predicting the positivity of hepatitis A antibody based on nationwide health information using a machine learning technique. Methods: We used a data set that included the records of 4,626 samples. the data was randomly divided into a training set 80% (3,701) and validation set 20% (925). Customized sequential convolutional neural network (CNN) model was used to predict the positivity of hepatitis A antibody. The loss and accuracy of this model was calculated. Results: This model has 12-input and 2-concatenate and 3-dense layers. The total parameters of this model were 1,779. The accuracy quickly reached to over 85% validation accuracy in 50 epochs. The train loss, train accuracy, validation loss and validation accuracy of this model were 25.4%, 89.5%, 29.0%, and 87.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The model derived from the sequential CNN model exhibited a high level of accuracy. This model is a useful tool for predicting the positivity of hepatitis A antibody.

  • Original Article2022-04-30

    Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatitis E Virus Infections between South Korea and Japan

    Abstract : Purpose: Hepatitis E outbreaks are a serious public health concern in the world. The pilots or air traffic controllers can be incapacitated by severe hepatitis symptoms. If the symptoms of acute hepatitis do not improve, it is not suitable for aviation duties. In this study, we compare of incidence status of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections, and epidemic aspects between South Korea (from here on, ‘Korea’) and Japan. Methods: The raw data on confirmed of HEV infection cases were obtained from the National Notified Disease Surveillance System of Korea Diseases Control and Prevention Agency, the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Korea, and the National Epidemiological surveillance of Infectious Diseases surveillance system, administered by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan. Statistically significant differences between the epidemiological aspects and risk factors were determined using the Pearson’s chi-squared test or paired t-test. All data analyses were performed in Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). Results: There were 191 cases of HEV infected cases with a prevalence rate (PR) of 0.37 per 100,000 populations of Korea in 2020. During the same year in Japan, there were 454 cases with a PR of 0.36. When compared, there is statistically none significantly differences. Moreover, both PR per 100,000 populations of HEV infections in habitat of two countries were compared, in the provinces (0.39) of Korea were much higher than that in capital city of Seoul (0.27; P

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